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The Cosmological Principle
A Bachelor of Science thesis reviewing differential-geometric foundations of cosmology, spacetime manifolds, the FLRW metric and cosmological redshift.
Emil Shirokikh · Published October 28, 2021 · Updated September 22, 2026 · 10 min read
Abstract
A Bachelor of Science thesis reviewing differential and Riemannian geometry and applying those concepts to spacetime manifolds, the Cosmological Principle, the FLRW metric and cosmological redshift.
Scope
This thesis develops the mathematical foundations needed to state the Cosmological Principle precisely and connect geometric structure to standard cosmological models.
Mathematical path
It reviews manifolds, one-forms, tensors, connections and the Levi-Civita connection before applying those tools to spacetime and the Friedman–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric.
Cosmological consequence
The final discussion connects the geometric framework to the Hubble–Lemaître Law, the Hubble constant and cosmological redshift.
Provenance boundary
This academic work predates the other supplied reports, carries no BELTO affiliation in Zenodo metadata and is not represented as BELTO client work.
Why it is included
The record is included for transparent authorship history, not as a claim of a current BELTO cosmology practice.
Academic thesis by Emil Shirokikh, published on Zenodo under CC BY 4.0. The record carries no BELTO affiliation and is included as author history, not client work or a BELTO commercial result.
References
2 sourcesAuthor
Emil ShirokikhFounder
Founder of Belto Inc. Writes on engineering, venture building and applied intelligence.
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